PMC

(A) Sleep profile of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons. n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 48, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 48. (B) Average sleep amount during daytime and nighttime with high expression of dbt^K/R from tim-GAL4 driver. n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (C) Average sleep bout duration during daytime and nighttime with high expression of dbt^K/R from tim-GAL4 driver. n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (D) Activity counts/awake time with high expression of dbt^K/R from tim-GAL4 driver. n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (E) 5 days sleep profiles of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons (group1). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (F) Average sleep amount during the nighttime of flies with overexpression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons in 5 days (group1). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (G) Activity profiles of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons in 5 days (group1). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (H) Activity counts during the nighttime of flies with overexpression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons in 5 days (group1). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 42, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 52, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group1) = 51. (I) 5 days sleep profiles of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons (group2). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 47, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 45, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group2) = 46. This is an average of individual male UAS-dbt^K/R/+;timGAL4/+ flies that exhibited alternating high and low sleep amounts on successive nights. (J) Average sleep amount during the nighttime in flies with overexpressing dbt^K/R in clock neurons for 5 days (group2). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 47, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 45, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group2) = 46. (K) Activity profiles of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons in 5 days (group2). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 47, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 45, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group2) = 46. (L) Activity counts during the nighttime of flies with overexpression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons in 5 days (group2). n (UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 47, n (tim-GAL4/+) = 45, n (tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+ group2) = 46. (M) Sleep profile of flies with high expression of dbt^K/R in clock neurons without expression of PER protein. n (per⁰/Y; UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 46, n (per⁰/Y; tim-GAL4/+) = 47, n (per⁰/Y; tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 45. (N) Average sleep amount during the daytime and nighttime in UAS-dbt^K/R/tim-GAL4 flies without PER expression. n (per⁰/Y; UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 46, n (per⁰/Y; tim-GAL4/+) = 47, n (per⁰/Y; tim-GAL4/+; UAS-dbt^K/R/+) = 45. (O) Average sleep amount of UAS-dbt^K/R/tim-GAL4 flies during the nighttime without expression of PER for 5 days. n = 47. (P) Activity counts of UAS-dbt^K/R/tim-GAL4 flies during the nighttime without expression of PER for 5 days. n = 47. ns. no significant difference, *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01 and ***p< 0.001 in B-D and N-P, the a, b represents *p< 0.05 between 2 of the groups in J and L. Black and grey bars (or lines) respectively represent UAS-/+, -GAL4/+ control flies, while orange or red bars (or lines) represent the treatment flies. The horizontal bar below some of graphs presents day (white) and night (black).

a A “clock unit” of the cell cycle is formed by (i) a DRIVER (Cdk1 kinase) that, together with the CLOCK (cyclin: Clb cyclin; red color), drives cell cycle events through various phases; (ii) a TIMER (Cki, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor: Sic1; blue color) that inhibits the DRIVER; (iii) a CONTROLLER (TF, transcription factor: Fkh2) that activates the CLOCK (cyclin: CLB gene); and (iv) a MODULATOR (histone deacetylase: Sir2) that modulates the activity of the CONTROLLER. b “Clock unit” that integrates CLOCKS 1–3 (Clb cyclins; red color), CONTROLLER (Fkh2 transcription factor), MODULATOR (Sir2 histone deacetylase), CLOCK4 (TF TIMER, Ace2–Swi5 transcription factors; blue color), and TIMER (Cki, Clb/Cdk1 kinase inhibitor Sic1; blue color) together with the known regulations occurring among them.

Internal function block diagram of the IMC pulse pattern generator. A1–A4 are the vertical transfer drive clocks, VA high is the high-level transfer clock, and TG is the transfer clock. The CR signal is the charge reset signal of the CCD photosensitive area, and its function is to remove the residual charge of the CCD photosensitive area before the integration begins. C1–C3 is the horizontal transfer drive clock. SHP, SHD, and LP are high-frequency driver timing pulses closely related to horizontal pixel shift. CLK is the pixel clock. HD is the line clock signal, VD is the frame clock signal. Trig in is the external trigger signal. RG is the output amplifier reset pulse and SG is the horizontal pixel merge gate drive clock. TRG is the trigger signal.

The FTF4052M drive circuit system supporting electronic IMC and multiple outputs. A1–A4 are the vertical transfer drive clocks, VA high is the high-level transfer clock, and TG is the transfer clock. The CR signal is the charge reset signal of the CCD photosensitive area, and its function is to remove the residual charge of the CCD photosensitive area before the integration begins. C1–C3 is the horizontal transfer drive clocks. SHP, SHD, and LP are high-frequency driver timing pulses closely related to the horizontal pixel shift. CLK is the pixel clock. HD is the line clock signal, VD is the frame clock signal. Trig in is the external trigger signal. RG is the output amplifier reset pulse, and SG is the horizontal pixel merge gate drive clock.